Heterogeneous as SRF, the problem of the representativeness of the analysis samples was vital. Several options exist to try out to overcome this issue, as recommended while in the EN/ISO standard procedures for SRF characterization. The option adopted within this study was to complement the laboratory TGA strategy with less precise measurement strategies that operate with bigger samples (determination from the LOI vs. T curve of 3 g samples). The TGA graphical results (Figure two) indicate 3 distinctive phases during the thermal decomposition of SRF, with distinct mass reduction prices: the initial within the interval about 25050 C, with the highest mass loss price; the 2nd, as much as all over 600 C; as well as third involving 600 C and 725 C. From that temperature to the end in the measurements, an incredibly slow mass reduction continues to be observed, probably while the chars formed are burning. These benefits are steady with findings reported while in the literature [4,six,7,20]. The results of LOI measurements at various JNJ-42253432 Biological Activity ignition temperatures while in the muffle (depicted also in Figure two) displays a trend coincident with all the TGA benefits, with significant mass losses in between 250 C and 450 C, extending to about 600 C. The degradation ends at all-around 700 C. This behaviour is distinct from that observed in SRF obtained in mechanical iological treatment plants, in which degradation increases as much as over 1300 C [21].Figure 2. In contrast thermal degradation of SRF (sample mass loss) in air and 10 C/min obtained by thermogravimetric examination and LOI measurement within a muffle furnace.3.three. Optimization on the Flow and Residence Time in Combustion Exams Exams one to five, described in Table 1, were utilised to select the combustion circumstances and also to establish the influence on the air flow price and residence time of vapours and gases inPolymers 2021, 13,9 ofthe pilot plant. Based mostly about the preceding TGA and LOI evaluation effects, which indicated that almost all from the thermal degradation in air occurred beneath 600 C, the temperature for the SRF combustion was set at 550 C and also the heating rates described inside the Components and Procedures section were selected. In strong waste combustions, above forty of excess air is normally employed [22]. For that reason, Test 1 was carried out feeding 4.seven NL/min air (the stoichiometric movement was calculated to get three.two NL/min). The tubular reactor was not linked in series within this check. The employed air flow price proved to become also substantial, building the residence time with the volatiles extremely minimal, and hence their combustion was very bad, as evidenced through the colour of the flue fuel. As is often seen in Table 4, the ash remaining while in the tank reactor just after combustion complied with all the optimum restrict of 3 wt. of organic carbon, set out during the YTX-465 Autophagy Report 50 of your IED for slag and bottom ash formed in waste (co-)incineration plants. Within this table, the quantity of ash collected after every single experiment is provided (being a by weight of the SRF sample fed), together with their C written content. The photos from the collected ashes are given in Table S1. The ash material with the combusted SRF was within the wide range identified from the literature, as revised by Mancini et al. [23].Table four. Quantity of ash and C content material in ash obtained during the SRF combustion tests. Test one 2 three 4 5 6 7 eight 9 ten Ash (wt. SRF) 18.six 26.0 15.0 14.0 19.0 34.0 thirty.0 24.0 14.0 twenty.0 C Information (wt. ash) 2.9 0.3 2.8 0.one two.eight 0.4 14.2 2.1 2.5 0.2 7.six 1.three two.1 0.2 two.2 0.four 3.0 0.one two.2 0.In Check 2 a tubular reactor was placed right after the tank reactor to increase the residence time on the volat.