Ked to flea infected bites and, also, to the consumption of raw or poorly cooked infected meat and also the manipulation of contaminated animal carcasses [68,69]. Historically, Y. pestis has triggered three main pandemics in human history; the “Black Death”, the beginning of the Second PHA-543613 Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel Plague Pandemic in Europe, was accountable for killing 4 million people today from 1347 to 1351 [70]. In Italy, the Black Death spread when two Genoese galleys reached Messina inside the second half of June 1347, then Trapani, and crossed more than Sardinia and Corsica to arrive in Genoa within the second halfPathogens 2021, ten,8 ofof July, after which in Lombardy, Tuscany, Marche, Sicily, Sardinia [71], Calabria [72] and Apulia [73]. The catastrophic effects on the Black Scaffold Library medchemexpress Death’s arrival in Southern Italy are usually not properly documented, plus the majority with the graves discovered attributed towards the Second Plague Pandemic are from the north [74,75]. Furthermore, the discovery of Y. pestis is only determined by molecular evaluation within a few situations [761]. The route of your disease and also the chronology with the infected cities have been linked for the commercial trade services, but then the spread in the disease became extra erratic, following travelers. The truth is, the plague spread along the roads that connected Italy by sea and land (Figure three). Within this complicated system of roads and movements, Siponto-Manfredonia [82,83] along with the Abbey of San Leonardo occupied a vital position. In actual fact, until the 13th century, Apulia was a central and strategic area for all those headed to Jerusalem plus the Holy Land. These are port cities equipped with facilities for the hospitality from the monastic knightly orders, like in Barletta (Santo Sepolcro), in Siponto (San Leonardo), and in Terlizzi (Sovereto). Furthermore, the internal routes–such because the Via Francigena that passed from Siponto and arrived at the Sanctuary of Monte Sant’Angelo–were crossed by numerous pilgrims who stopped to rest and recover within the standard institutions, the hospitals (hospitali), along with the stations (stationes). When the abbey was entrusted towards the Teutonic Order, whose rule had to assist people who had been sick and people who had been poor, the hospital was upgraded and emphasized. Sadly, between the 12th and 15th centuries, you will find not numerous mentions from the hospital itself in San Leonardo and its activities in the documents. On the other hand, it is actually clear that the cemetery of the Abbey was not merely reserved for the knightly order, and people that died inside the hospital were buried in it. Moreover, Siponto-Manfredonia was also an essential harbor [84], frequented by merchants and traders. In fact, within the port of Siponto, lots of goods have been loaded and unloaded, which took the sea route toward the Mediterranean East as well as the Balkan side of the Adriatic or reached the markets of the kingdom [858]. Above all, the partnership with the food and wares created within the hinterland was important. A number of farms, a number of which have been owned by the ecclesiastical order like the Teutonics of San Leonardo, had been reported in accounting books [88]. Thus, the presence from the port along with the passage of galleys (particularly from Venice) for the transport of grain could have contributed for the spread of the plague as in other Italian and European cities (e.g., Messina, Marsiglia, and so on.). The monastery is surrounded by the rivers Candelaro, Versantino and Pantano, which create swamps and aren’t far from the Adriatic beach of Siponto, dominated by the hot and humid Southern wind. Additi.